Hepatitis Delta Virus Alters the Autophagy Process To Promote Its Genome Replication
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
HBsAg and HBxAg expressions induce the accumulation of autophagosomes in Huh7 cells.

The autophagy machinery is required for HBV maturation/secretion.

Hepatitis delta virus replication induces autophagosome accumulation in Huh7 cells.

The two isoforms of HDAg can induce autophagosome accumulation in Huh7 cells.

L-HDAg and S-HDAg expressions impede autophagic flux.

The autophagy machinery promotes HDV replication.

The autophagy machinery differentially affects the HBV and HDV replication cycle in cells expressing both viruses.

DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell culture, reagents, and antibodies.
Plasmids and transfection.
CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts.
Gene | Guide RNA primer sequence |
---|---|
LC3B | Forward, CACCGGTGATAATAGAACGATACAA |
Reverse, AAACTTGTATCGTTCTATTATCACC | |
ATG5 | Forward, CACCGGATCACAAGCAACTCTGGAT |
Reverse, AAACATCCAGAGTTGCTTGTGATCC | |
ATG7 | Forward, CACCGGTATGATGAGAACATGGTGC |
Reverse, AAACGCACCATGTTCTCATCATACC |
Quantitative PCR.
Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.
Western blotting.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Statistics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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