Anaerobic Sulfur Metabolism Coupled to Dissimilatory Iron Reduction in the Extremophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial strains, growth conditions, and harvesting.
Sulfide generation during A. ferrooxidans anaerobic growth.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis, image analysis, and protein identification.
RNA isolation, transcriptional arrays, and data analysis.
qPCRs.
Bioinformatic analysis.
Microarray data accession number.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of S0/O2 versus S0/Fe3+ growth.
Regulation, use, and protein or gene name | Predicted function | Annotation no.a | Fold change in protein expression | Median gene log2 ratio | qPCRf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upregulated under aerobic conditions | |||||
Energy metabolism | |||||
HdrB | Heterodisulfide reductase subunit B, homolog | AFE_2586b | 9.4 | 1.0 | |
HdrB | Heterodisulfide reductase subunit B, homolog | AFE_2586b | 13.5 | ||
HdrA | Pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase | AFE_2553b | 3.3 | ||
HdrA | Pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase | AFE_2553b | 8.1 | ||
Conserved hypothetical protein (clusters with Hdr) | AFE_2552 | 5.4 | |||
AtpA | ATP synthase F1, α subunit (EC 3.6.3.14) | AFE_3205 | 2.1c | ||
atpC | ATP synthase F1, ε subunit | AFE_3202 | 1.0 | ||
AtpD | ATP synthase F1, β subunit (EC 3.6.3.14) | AFE_3203 | 2.3 | ||
MotA/TolQ/ExbB proton channel family protein | AFE_0768 | 0.8 | |||
tetH | Tetrathionate hydrolase | AFE_0029 | 4.3 | ||
Cyc2 | Outer membrane cytochrome c, Cyc2 | AFE_3153 | 5.6 | 0.9 | |
cyc1 | Cytochrome c4, Cyc1 | AFE_3152 | 0.7 | ||
coxA | Cytochrome c oxidase, aa3 type, subunit I | AFE_3149 | 0.9 | ||
coxC | Cytochrome c oxidase, aa3 type, subunit III | AFE_3148 | 0.9 | ||
rus | Rusticyanin | AFE_3146 | 1.7 | ||
Carbon management | |||||
Fba | Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, class II (EC 4.1.2.13) | AFE_3248b | 2.7 | O2 > Fe3+ | |
Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, putative | AFE_1802 | 4.9 | |||
Fba | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class II (EC 4.1.2.13) | AFE_3248b | 3.4 | ||
Fba | Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, class II (EC 4.1.2.13) | AFE_3248b | 3.0 | ||
PdhB | Pyruvate dehydrogenase, E1 component, β subunit | AFE_3069 | 2.4 | ||
PdhB | Pyruvate dehydrogenase, E1 component, α subunit | AFE_1813 | 7.1 | 0.8 | |
Icd | NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) | AFE_0424 | 2.2 | ||
CbbL2 | RubisCO, large subunit 2 (EC 4.1.1.39) | AFE_2155 | 2.9 | O2 > Fe3+ | |
Pgi | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) | AFE_2924 | 10.9 | ||
Rpe | Ribulose phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1) | AFE_3247 | 2.5 | ||
Tal | Transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) | AFE_0419 | 2.2 | ||
Tkt-1 | Transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) | AFE_1843 | 2.1 | ||
Transketolase pyridine binding domain protein | AFE_1667b | 4.0 | |||
Transketolase pyridine binding domain protein | AFE_1667b | 7.0 | |||
GlgB | 1,4-α-Glucan branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) | AFE_2836 | 4.6 | 0.7 | |
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase | AFE_2024 | 1.2 | |||
zwf | Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase | AFE_2025 | 0.9 | ||
gph-1 | Phosphoglycolate phosphatase | AFE_1823 | 0.7 | ||
Xylulose-5-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase | AFE_2053 | 0.9 | |||
Phosphoglucomutase | AFE_2324 | 1.0 | |||
Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis | |||||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | 1.0 | |||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | 2.6 | |||
Upregulated under anaerobiosis | |||||
Energy metabolism | |||||
Pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase (DsrE-like) | AFE_2556 | 1.3 | |||
tusA | Hypothetical protein (similar to SirA) | AFE_2557 | 0.9 | ||
sreA | Sulfur reductase molybdopterin subunit | AFE_2177 | Fe3+ > O2 | ||
SreB | Sulfur reductase, iron-sulfur binding subunit | AFE_2178 | Unique | Fe3+ > O2 | |
sreC | Sulfur reductase, membrane subunit, putative | AFE_2179 | Fe3+ > O2 | ||
sreD | Sulfur reductase | AFE_2181 | Fe3+ > O2 | ||
AtpF | ATP synthase F0, subunit b (EC 3.6.3.14) | AFE_3207 | Unique | 1.5 | |
atpE | ATP synthase C chain | AFE_3208 | 1.4 | ||
atpB | ATP synthase F0, A subunit | AFE_3209 | 1.0 | ||
cycA2 | Cytochrome c4, CycA2 | AFE_2727 | 0.9 | ||
petA2 | Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, iron-sulfur subunit | AFE_2729 | 0.9 | ||
petB2 | Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome b subunit | AFE_2730 | 1.1 | ||
ubiE | Ubiquinone/menaquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase | AFE_0289 | 0.7 | ||
Carbon management | |||||
CbbS1 | RubisCO, small subunit (EC 4.1.1.39) | AFE_1690 | 3.8 | Fe3+ > O2 | |
CscE | Carboxysome shell peptide | AFE_1683 | 3.1 | ||
AcnA | Aconitate hydratase, putative | AFE_0423 | 2.0 | ||
cbbp | Phosphoribulokinase | AFE_0536 | 0.7 | Fe3+ > O2 | |
cscC | Carboxysome shell peptide | AFE_1685 | 1.6 | ||
tkt-2 | Transketolase | AFE_3252 | 0.9 | ||
Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis | |||||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | Unique | |||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | Unique | |||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | 9.6d | |||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | 6.8d | |||
OMPP1/FadL/TodX family | AFE_2542b | 1.7d | |||
Posttranslational modification/protein turnover/chaperone functions and inorganic ion transport and metabolism | |||||
surA | Survival protein SurA | AFE_3035 | 1.4 | ||
Amino acid metabolism and transport | |||||
Sulfite reductase hemoprotein, β component | AFE_3122 | 0.9 | |||
cysH | Adenylylsulfate reductase | AFE_3123 | 1.5 |
Sulfur metabolism.

Ferric iron reduction.
Electron transfer and energy conservation.
Chemoautotrophy and central carbon metabolism.

Cell wall, membrane, and envelope biogenesis.
Other differentially regulated genes and proteins.
Conclusions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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